Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction
Criminology
1) In a __________ state, an individual may be prosecuted for violating traditional notions of right and wrong, even though no violation of written law occurred.
A) criminalized
B) statutory law
C) common law
D) none of the above
2) According to John F. Galliher, legal defi nitions of criminality are arrived at through a __________ process.
A) political
B) psychological
C) mainstream
D) sociological
3) The belief that crime is the result of criteria that have been built into the law by powerful groups is the basis of the __________ perspective on crime.
A) psychological
B) sociological
C) political
D) legal
4) The pluralistic perspective suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through
A) general agreement of members of society.
B) a political process.
C) the existence of shared norms and values.
D) none of the above
5) A police offi cer or probation offi cer is best described as a
A) criminal justice professional.
B) criminalist.
C) criminologist.
D) none of the above
Multiple Choice Questions
6) The number of personnel employed by private security agencies today is
__________ that of public law enforcement agencies.
A) twice
B) equal to
C) four times
D) half
7) Criminology is
A) a collection of theories.
B) a profession.
C) a fi eld of study.
D) all of the above
8) A(n) __________ theory of crime is one that attempts to explain all or most
forms of criminal conduct through a single, overarching approach.
A) unicausal
B) complete
C) general
D) integrated
9) The social responsibility perspective is affiliated with __________ theory.
A) culture confl ict
B) routine activities
C) social learning
D) rational choice
10) The __________ contributes to the criminal event by failing to prevent criminal
activity.
A) general public
B) criminal justice system
C) victim
D) offender
11) If you needed offi cial police statistics on crime in Texas, you would use
A) a self-report study.
B) the NCVS.
C) the UCR.
D) none of the above
12) The most common motivation for hate crimes is
A) religious bias.
B) bias based on ethnicity/national origin.
C) bias based on sexual orientation.
D) racial bias.
13) Which of the following was not a possible cause of the decrease in reported
crime since the mid-1990s?
A) New strict laws, an expanded justice system, and an increase in police funding
B) Economic expansion
C) Social upheaval
D) Changes in crime-fighting technologies
14) Drunk driving is an example of
A) felony homicide.
B) fi rst-degree murder.
C) negligent homicide.
D) second-degree murder.
15) According to the NCVS, which of the following individuals is most likely to be
a robbery victim?
A) A 25-year-old man
B) A 12-year-old boy
C) A 65-year-old woman
D) A 14-year-old girl
16) UCR data on Part II offenses includes
A) information on crimes reported to the police.
B) information on arrests made by the police.
C) information on the dark fi gure of crime.
D) none of the above
17) Which of the following is not a finding of the National Youth Survey?
A) Violent offenders begin lives of crime earlier than originally believed.
B) There is a consistent progression from less serious to more serious acts of
delinquency over time.
C) Females are involved in a smaller proportion of crime than previously thought.
D) Race differentials in crime are smaller than traditional data sources indicated.
18) One of the two most common reasons for not reporting violent crime is that
the victim
A) fears future victimization by the same offender.
B) considers the crime to be a private matter.
C) believes the police will be ineffective in solving the crime.
D) is embarrassed over the type of victimization.
19) Which of the following individuals is least likely to be a victim of personal
theft, according to the NCVS?
A) A white female over the age of 65
B) A black female over the age of 65
C) A white male over the age of 65
D) A black male over the age of 65
20) The findings that led criminologists to question the existence of a relationship
between social class and crime came from
A) the UCR.
B) the NCVS.
C) NIBRS.
D) self-report studies.
21) Which of the following is not one of Kenneth R. Hoover’s four uses of theory
in social scientifi c thinking?
A) Theories can be improved through hypothesis testing.
B) Theories link studies together.
C) Theories allow us to interpret the larger meaning of our fi ndings for ourselves
and others.
D) Theories provide patterns for the interpretation of data.
22) Confounding effects are
A) a method of increasing internal validity.
B) experimental interventions that cause behavioral changes.
C) a method of increasing external validity.
D) explanations that rival the explanatory power of the hypothesis under study.
23) A differential loss of respondents from comparison groups in a research study
may result in
A) experimental mortality.
B) self-selection.
C) maturation.
D) differential selection.
24) Which of the following threats to internal validity would fall under the problem
of experimental mortality?
A) During a study involving interviews of inmates by students, a number of the
student interviewers graduate and are replaced by new student interviewers.
B) Subjects become fatigued during the study and their response time is affected.
C) During a study comparing two groups of inmates, many of the members from one of the study groups are approved for parole.
D) A new prison warden arrives during the implementation of a study on violence
in a prison.
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25) Which of the following factors may threaten the external validity of a research
design?
A) Instrumentation
B) History
C) Statistical regression
D) Self-selection
26) __________ is the process by which individuals are assigned to study groups
without biases or differences resulting from selection.
A) Randomization
B) Operationalization
C) Intersubjectivity
D) Net effects
27) Inferential statistics involves
A) highlighting the relationships within the data.
B) describing data.
C) summarizing data.
D) generalizing fi ndings obtained from data.
28) The degree of dispersion of scores around the mean is known as the
A) median.
B) correlation.
C) standard deviation.
D) signifi cance test.
29) In a research report, the __________ is a brief summation of the report’s findings.
A) review of existing literature
B) analysis
C) preface
D) abstract
30) Which of the following is not one of the basic assumptions or principles of
the Classical School?
A) Punishment is sometimes required to deter law violators.
B) Root principles of right and wrong are inherent in the nature of things.
C) Most human behavior results from forces that are beyond the control of the
individual.
D) Human beings are fundamentally rational.
31) An individual who dresses in an unusual way is most likely to be violating a
__________ of his or her social group.
A) folkway
B) more
C) law
D) none of the above
32) Which of the following was not one of the legal documents contained in the
Justinian Code?
A) The Code
B) The Summary
C) The Digest
D) The Institutes
33) In which year was the Magna Carta signed?
A) 1066
B) 450 B.C.
C) 1215
D) 1700 B.C.
34) Which of the following works was written by John Locke?
A) Essay Concerning Human Understanding
B) The Spirit of Laws
C) Leviathan
D) The Rights of Man
35) John Locke’s concept of checks and balances between divisions of government
was elaborated on by
A) Montesquieu.
B) Rousseau.
C) Spinoza.
D) Hobbes.
36) According to Beccaria, criminals should be punished based on
A) the level of revenge desired by society.
B) the degree of injury they caused.
C) an assessment of their criminal intent.
D) None of the above
37) __________ seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat
criminality.
A) Recidivism
B) General deterrence
C) Specifi c deterrence
D) Retribution
38) __________ controls crime by imprisoning specific individuals.
A) Truth in sentencing
B) Selective incapacitation
C) Determinate sentencing
D) Collective incapacitation
39) __________ developed the theory of phrenology.
A) Johann Gaspar Spurzheim
B) Konrad Lorenz
C) Franz Joseph Gall
D) Cesare Lombroso
40) The Female Offender was written by
A) Charles Goring.
B) William Sheldon.
C) Cesare Lombroso.
D) Ernest Hooton.
41) Crime and the Man was written by
A) Stephen Schafer.
B) Earnest Hooton.
C) William Sheldon.
D) Charles Goring.
42) Which of the following methods of dealing with criminals was favored by
Earnest Hooton?
A) Community service
B) Banishment
C) Imprisonment
D) Rehabilitation programs
43) Which of the following was not one of Stephen Schafer’s criticisms of Hooton’s
work?
A) He did not provide convincing evidence that the criminal’s inferiority was
inherited.
B) His criminal population was not a representative sample.
C) He failed to show evidence that rehabilitation could have a signifi cant impact
on offenders.
D) He failed to recognize that members of his control group might have been
involved in crime.
44) James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein wrote
A) Creating Born Criminals.
B) Sisters in Crime.
C) Crime and Human Nature.
D) Sociobiology.
45) The book The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature was written
by
A) James Q. Wilson.
B) Steven Pinker.
C) Edward O. Wilson.
D) C. Ray Jeffery.
46) Which of the following was not one of C. Ray Jeffery’s elements for a comprehensive biologically based crime prevention program?
A) The use of biologically-based punishments such as castration for rape and
child sexual molestation.
B) Conducting biological research in prisons and treatment facilities to help
identify the root causes of aggression and violence.
C) Monitoring children through early development to identify early symptoms of
behavioral disorder.
D) Neurological examinations when necessary.
47) Which of the following is not a form of psychopathology?
A) Schizophrenia
B) Alcoholism
C) Depression
D) All of the above are forms of psychopathology.
48) According to Cleckley, one characteristic of the psychopathic personality is
A) an inability to feel guilt or shame.
B) delusions or hallucinations.
C) an ability to learn from experience.
D) a distinct life plan.
49) Crime and Personality was written by
A) Albert Bandura.
B) Hervey Cleckley.
C) Ivan Pavlov.
D) Hans Eysenck.
50) According to Freud, the __________ develops into a moral guide to right and
wrong.
A) ego
B) id
C) superego
D) unconscious
51) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a psychotic individual?
A) Compulsive and obsessive behavior
B) Moods and mood swings
C) A marked inefficiency in getting along with others and caring for oneself
D) A grossly distorted conception of reality
52) Which of the following is not one the three laws in Gabriel Tarde’s theory of
human behavior?
A) Individuals in close intimate contact with one another tend to imitate each
other’s behavior.
B) New acts and behaviors tend to reinforce or replace others.
C) Imitation moves from the top down.
D) Suggestibility is a key cause of criminal behavior.
53) Under federal law, a criminal defendant found not guilty by reason of insanity
must have a psychological or psychiatric examination and a hearing held within __________ days after the not guilty verdict.
A) 20
B) 80
C) 10
D) 40
54) __________ studied Polish immigrants in American cities and suggested the
increased crime rates among these people was due to social disorganization.
A) W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki
B) Robert Park and Ernest Burgess
C) Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld
D) Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
55) The social pathology model was used by early social __________ theorists.
A) development
B) confl ict
C) process
D) ecology
56) Early ecological theories of crime were collectively referred to as the
__________ School of Criminology.
A) Positivist
B) Classical
C) New York
D) Chicago
57) Which of the following is not one of the approaches upon which environmental
criminology builds?
A) Strain theory
B) Situational crime prevention
C) Ecological approaches
D) Routine activities theory
58) The average age for joining a gang today is approximately __________ years of
age.
A) 17
B) 13
C) 11
D) 15
59) Which of the following was not part of Mobilization for Youth?
A) Voter registration
B) Boycotts against schools
C) Welfare-to-work programs
D) Rent strikes against slum landlords
60) Social control theories focus on
A) the process through which social integration develops.
B) physical features of the social environment.
C) static aspects of the personality.
D) causative factors in criminal behavior.
61) In the case of sickness, the failure of the public health system or the unavailability
of preventive medicine would be an example of a(n) __________ containment
or control mechanism.
A) personal
B) external
C) outer
D) inner
62) The aspect of the social bond which sets social bond theory apart from subcultural
approaches is
A) commitment.
B) belief.
C) involvement.
D) attachment.
63) __________ focuses on early childhood risk factors for gang involvement.
A) The Montreal Preventive Treatment Program
B) PDFY
C) JUMP
D) OJJDP’s Comprehensive Strategy Program
64) Which of the following is not an example of desistance?
A) Deceleration
B) Deescalation
C) Specialization
D) Diversion
65) The primary goal of the __________ program is to provide a positive alternative
to gangs for at-risk youth.
A) Comprehensive Strategy
B) Targeted Outreach
C) PDHDCN
D) JUMP
66) Which of the following is not one of the principles characterizing the
consensus perspective?
A) A belief that law violators are representative of society as a whole
B) A belief in the existence of core values
C) The assumption that the law serves all people equally
D) The idea that laws reflect the collective will of society
67) In 1905, __________ described the struggle between the haves and
the have-nots as a natural consequence of a capitalist society.
A) William Chambliss
B) George Vold
C) Richard Quinney
D) Willem Bonger
68) According to the conflict perspective, the fundamental nature of group
conflict centers on
A) the accumulation of wealth.
B) the exercise of political power.
C) socially signifi cant differences.
D) None of the above
69) According to __________, a spokesperson for modern radical thinkers,
criminal behavior results from the coercive power of the state to enforce
the will of the ruling class.
A) Harold Pepinsky
B) Richard Quinney
C) William Chambliss
D) Ralf Dahrendorf
70) __________ is a major source of left realist writings in England.
A) Jock Young
B) Walter DeKeseredy
C) Dragan Milovanovic
D) John Hagan
71) Power-control theory was developed by
A) John Hagan.
B) Rita J. Simon.
C) Kathleen Daly.
D) Harold Pepinsky.
72) The primary theoretical perspective used to explain the fact that victims and
offenders who are intimately known to each other are disproportionately represented
in homicide statistics is
A) selective disinhibition.
B) the critical criminological perspective.
C) the subculture of violence thesis.
D) the general theory of crime.
73) Which of the following is not a thrill motivated serial killer?
A) A dominance killer
B) A sexual sadist
C) A protection oriented killer
D) They are all types of thrill motivated serial killers.
74) Which of the following is not a rape myth?
A) Women are asking for it by wearing provocative clothing
B) Women bring false rape charges to get even with men
C) Women say no when they really mean yes
D) They are all current rape myths.
75) The first state to redefine “rape” to include a broader range of behaviors,
circumstances, and victims was
A) Michigan.
B) Texas.
C) New York.
D) California.
76) Same sex rape is most common
A) in correctional institutions.
B) among strangers.
C) on college campuses.
D) all of the above
77) __________ is defi ned as “the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding
away of property from the possession of another.”
A) Burglary
B) Robbery
C) Arson
D) Larceny
78) According to research on theft on college campuses, the individual most
likely to be victimized is
A) a staff member.
B) a student.
C) a faculty member.
D) They are all equally likely to be victimized.
79) When considering theft from motor vehicles, the most frequently stolen items
are
A) cameras.
B) external vehicle parts.
C) cellular phones.
D) stereo equipment.
80) According to McShane and Noonan, the primary similarity between the reactionary
and rebel types of shoplifters is
A) both are more likely to be older.
B) both have the economic ability to pay for the stolen goods.
C) both have signifi cant prior histories of offending.
D) both are of the same gender.
81) A fence commits the crime of
A) receiving stolen property.
B) motor vehicle theft.
C) burglary.
D) robbery.
82) Early definitions of white-collar crime focused on the
A) the violator involved.
B) nature of the crime.
C) the work environment.
D) All of the above
83) A(n) __________ crime is any act punishable by law that is committed
through opportunity created in the course of a legal occupation.
A) blue-collar
B) corporate
C) occupational
D) white-collar
84) The idea that white-collar crime may be motivated by a disparity between
corporate goals and legitimate means was proposed by
A) John Braithwaite.
B) Gary Green and Gilbert Geis.
C) Edwin Sutherland.
D) Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson.
85) Russian organized criminal groups currently operate in __________ states in
the United States.
A) 17
B) 10
C) 15
D) 14
86) According to Gary Potter, the __________ aspects of organized crime offer the
most useful data for formulating future policy.
A) criminal
B) social
C) organized
D) political
87) The League of Spiritual Discovery emphasized the use of
A) cocaine.
B) opium.
C) tranquilizers.
D) LSD.
88) Which of the following drugs is not a stimulant?
A) Crack
B) Heroin
C) Amphetamines
D) Cocaine
89) The __________ placed the distribution of a number of essential chemicals
used in the production of illicit drugs under federal control.
A) Chemical Diversion and Traffi cking Act
B) Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
C) Anti-Drug Abuse Act
D) Harrison Act
90) The majority of the cocaine entering the United States is smuggled in using
A) maritime vessels.
B) commercial airplanes.
C) private airplanes.
D) overland transportation.
91) The Mollen Commission found that the severity of police corruption in New
York City had __________ since previous investigations.
A) increased signifi cantly
B) decreased slightly
C) increased slightly
D) decreased signifi cantly
92) According to David Carter’s classifi cation scheme, techno-vandalism would
fall into which type of computer crime?
A) Crimes in which computers serve as targets
B) Crimes in which the computer is incidental to other crimes
C) Crimes in which computers serve as the instrumentality of the crime
D) Crimes associated with the prevalence of computers
93) The __________ Act made it illegal to use interstate telephone lines in furtherance
of telemarketing fraud.
A) No Electronic Theft
B) Communications Decency
C) Computer Abuse Amendments
D) Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement
94) Which of the following best describes the average hacker?
A) A 20-year-old male living in San Francisco.
B) A 35-year-old male living in New York.
C) A 25-year-old male living in Paris.
D) A 23-year-old female living in Chicago.
95) The primary motivation of the average hacker is
A) to profit financially by hacking.
B) to create a computer security system.
C) to gain access to computer networks.
D) to demonstrate network vulnerability.
96) __________ involves a complete and thorough assessment of the kinds of
perils facing an organization.
A) Expert systems analysis
B) Threat analysis
C) DNA profiling
D) Audit trail analysis
97) __________ is a process of social homogenization by which the experiences of
everyday life can foster a standardization of cultural expression around the
world.
A) comparative criminology
B) Globalization
C) Ethnocentrism
D) Terrorism
98) Which of the following statements about terrorism is true?
A) Terrorism is aimed at military targets or combat-ready troops.
B) Terrorism is politically motivated.
C) Terrorism is usually an impulsive act of rage.
D) Terrorism is perpetrated for criminal gain.
99) The Bremmer Commission considers the country’s fi rst priority to be
A) prosecuting known terrorist groups.
B) catching known terrorists.
C) dealing with the aftermath of terrorist attacks in the U.S.
D) preventing terrorist attacks.
100) The most active state sponsor of terrorism in the world is
A) Iraq.
B) North Korea.
C) Cuba.
D) Iran.
